Example Question - vertical scaling

Transformation of Graphs

The function g(x) = 4f(x) - 4 is derived from the function f(x) = x^3 by applying two transformations. First, the function is scaled vertically by a factor of 4, which corresponds to the multiplication by 4: that's 4f(x). Secondly, the function is shifted downwards by 4 units, which corresponds to the subtraction of 4: that's -4. So the correct answer is: D. The graph of g(x) is the graph of f(x) shifted down 4 units.