Example Question - respiratory system
Here are examples of questions we've helped users solve.
Relationship Between Nervous System and Muscular Respiratory System
<p>Sistem saraf memainkan peranan penting dalam mengawal sistem pernafasan melalui sistem rangka dan otot. Ia menghantar isyarat dari otak ke otot-otot pernafasan yang membolehkan kawalan pernafasan yang berirama dan menyesuaikan kadar pernafasan dengan keperluan badan.</p> <p>Sistem saraf menyalurkan impuls saraf ke diafragma dan otot interkostal yang mengawal pergerakan tulang rusuk dan diafragma semasa bernafas. Apabila otak menghantar isyarat untuk bernafas lebih cepat atau lebih dalam, diafragma akan berkontraksi dan mengembang lebih kuat, menyebabkan peningkatan pengambilan oksigen dan pengeluaran karbon dioksida.</p> <p>Di samping itu, sistem saraf autonomi mengatur refleks pernafasan dan respons terhadap faktor luaran seperti kepekatan CO2, pH darah, dan tahap oksigen dengan cara menyesuaikan kedalaman dan kadar pernafasan secara otomatik.</p> <p>Sistem saraf pusat (SSP), termasuk medula oblongata dan jambatan (pons), mengandungi pusat-pusat pernafasan yang mengawal kadar dan kedalaman pernafasan. Impuls dari pusat-pusat pernafasan ini dikirim ke otot pernafasan melalui saraf perifer.</p>
Calculating Minute Ventilation for a Patient
The image presents a question that asks for the calculation of minute ventilation (MV) for a 20 kg patient with a respiratory rate (RR) of 10 breaths per minute (bpm). However, the tidal volume (TV), which is necessary for the calculation of MV, is not provided in the question. The formula for calculating minute ventilation (MV) is as follows: MV = RR × TV Where: - MV is the minute ventilation, - RR is the respiratory rate (in breaths per minute), - TV is the tidal volume (amount of air inhaled or exhaled in a single breath, usually measured in milliliters or liters). Since tidal volume is not provided, I can't complete the calculation. To solve this problem, you would need the tidal volume for this specific patient. In general, tidal volume can be estimated based on the patient's weight (for an adult, it is often estimated at 5-8 mL/kg). If you can provide the tidal volume or the estimation based on the patient's weight, I can assist you further with the calculation.
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